교양영어 고급지문 1편 스마트

[Challenges for the intercultural couple]

Most of these areas are potentially problematic to all marriages, not just to inter-cultural ones. However, it is the degree to which they exist that is not the same. In inter-cultural marriages the differences are often extreme or more dramatic. They involve cultural identity and thereby are unconscious and more difficult to resolve. And the more different the cultures, the more difficult the job.

Some couples insist that cultural differences are not issues at all (if two people are truly in love, etc., etc.). This does not mean they are not issues. It usually means that these couples haven’t thought about or don’t see these differences as cultural issues, that they didn’t cause the couple problems, that the couple has somehow managed to overcome or resolve these areas of difference without being aware of what they were doing, or that in their particular personal/cultural mix, certain differences were unimportant or even nonexistent. Or it may mean that they had so much else going for them in common interests, goals, and complementary personalities that they simply slid past the cultural hurdles. But generally speaking, cultural differences do indeed exist, and many pose challenges for the inter-cultural couple.

[Why keep giving what they don't need]

Often our children resent our sacrifices in a way that hurts us deeply. This isn’t because they’re insensitive. They are, in fact, very sensitive. They sense that there are motives behind our generosity-motives that are so unconscious that we don’t immediately recognize them ourselves. When we give and give until we’re exhausted, as Karen did, usually it’s because we feel that this is the only way others will accept us or maintain a relationship with us. If we stop giving, our children will stop loving us. They could never accept us for who we are, rather than for what we can give them. We believe this because we have so little real trust in our own value-in our own selves. On the deepest level, we fear we’re lacking in things that are essential to being a good parent. Without our grandiose gestures of self-sacrifice, our children, our spouse, our neighbors, our own parents, will see through us to our lack. We aren’t giving our children what they need, so much as what we think will shield them from seeing whatever it is in us that we think we lack. So we center our lives around our children, tolerate abuse, and keep giving.

[Please lay out properly]

What happened to the ecclesiastical crossword puzzle you used to have every month in the Abbot?

To the Editor : Several months ago, you announced a “bold new look” for the paper. Could we perhaps have the timid old look back? Sometimes I find the financial pages behind the sports pages, sometimes in a section of their own, and occasionally with the classified ads. Usually the advice columnists and funnies are run together in their own section, but more often they are separated and positioned variously with the sports pages, the community news, the feature section, or the food pages.

I have tried to discern a method to your madness-perhaps on Mondays the sports have their own section, on Tuesdays they appear with the financial papers. No such luck. Somebody down there must just roll dice and say, “Ha! Let them try to find the foreign exchange rates today!” Is there any hope for a more organized future?

[Your trip hasn't failed]

Allow your children to experience things in their own way. The Buddha statue may seem very impressive to you, but if your son seems to be more interested in the vendor of sticky drinks, don’t think the trip is a failure and your little philistine would have been better at home. You’ll be surprised at the memories he will take home, and often quite unprepared for the insights he will have of the culture and people he met. Don’t devalue the things your children find exciting and wonderful or try to always turn their attention to what you feel is more important aspect of what you are seeing. So long as they find something exciting and wonderful, the trip will be a success.

[Predators need green grass.]

Savory realized that something else had evolved with the grasslands : predators. The lions, hyenas, cheetahs and dingoes in Africa, and the wolves, coyotes and eagles in the American West, had evolved to prey on the huge herds of delicious herbivores that roamed so plentifully on all these grasslands. The activity of the predators chasing the herbivores around was as essential for the health of grasslands as the grazing activity of the herbivores. Savory found that in areas devoid of new growth and supposedly lost to regeneration, new seedlings could only take root in spots where cattle had been greatly disturbed by a predator. Where the panicked wildebeest or antelopes had bunched together and churned up the ground with their hooves, tearing up and trampling in the dead plant material and loosening the soil so it could receive seedlings and the new rains, regeneration was possible. Moreover, in their fear, the animals usually remained crowded together for some hours, urinating and defecating. As anyone who herds animals knows, herbivores will not graze in an area where they have defecated until the material is completely broken down, at least a year in temperate Canada. This fact led Savory to his next discovery : timing.

[The more failures, the harder you'll be]

About twenty years ago, Time magazine described a study by a psychologist of people who had lost their jobs three times due to plant closings. The writers were amazed by what they discovered. They expected the people being laid off to be beaten down and discouraged. Instead they found them to be incredibly resilient. Why was that? They concluded that people who had weathered repeated adversity had learned to bounce back. People who had lost a job and found a new one twice before were much better prepared to deal with adversity than someone who had always worked at the same place and had never faced adversity.

It may sound ironic, but if you have experienced a lot of failure, you are actually in a better position to achieve success than people who haven’t. When you fail, and fail, and fail again-and keep getting back up on your feet and keep learning from your failures-you are building strength, tenacity, experience, and wisdom. And people who develop such qualities are capable of sustaining their success, unlike many for whom good things come early and easily. As long as you don’t give up, you’re in a really good place.

[Remove perceived limits]

Unfortunately, in most situations this doesn’t happen. We’re encouraged to “satisfice.” That is, we’re subtly or not so subtly encouraged to do the least amount we can to satisfy the requirements. For example, teachers give assignments and clearly state what’s required to get specific grades. The classic question posed to a teacher is, “Will this be on the exam?” Teachers hate this question. However, students have learned through years of reinforcement that all they need to do is meet the minimum requirement to get the grade they want. This happens at work as well, when bosses outline specific objectives for their staff and create rubrics and metrics for giving bonuses and promotions.

It’s easy to meet expectations, knowing exactly what you will get in return. But amazing things happen when you remove the cap. In fact, I believe there’s a huge pent-up drive in each of us to blow off the cap. Like a soda bottle that’s been shaken, individuals who remove perceived limits achieve remarkable results.

[The molecular clock would tell you]

Suppose there were a molecule that occurred in many or all species, and whose structure slowly changed (because of genetic mutations) at the same steady rate. Two species derived from a common ancestor would start off with identical forms of the molecule, but as they diverged from each other and from the ancestor, mutations would change it. Thus by comparing the present architecture of the molecule in different species, we could measure how different the creatures were genetically and how much time had elapsed since their divergence. For instance, a molecule might differ by one percent in a pair of species known from
fossil evidence to have diverged five million years ago. If the same molecule differed by two percent between two species whose fossil histories were unknown, the molecular clock would indicate that they went their separate evolutionary ways ten million years ago.

[Not for children alone]

When parents watch TV with their young children, explaining new words and ideas to them, the children comprehend far more than they would if they were watching alone. This is due partly to the fact that when kids expect that TV will require thought, they spend more time thinking. What’s ironic is that most parents use an educational program as an opportunity to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room. “Even for parents who are generally wary of television,” Anderson says, “Sesame Street is considered a show where it’s perfectly okay to leave a child alone.” The program was actually intended to be viewed by parents and children together, he says.

[What is card stacking]

When people say that “the cards were stacked against me,” they mean that they were never given a fair chance. Applied to propaganda, card stacking means that one side may suppress or distort evidence, tell half-truths, over simplify the facts, or set up a “straw man” - a false target - to divert attention from the issue at hand. Card stacking is a difficult form of propaganda both to detect and to combat. When a candidate claims that an opponent has “changed his mind five times on this important issue,” we tend to accept the claim without investigating whether the candidate had good reasons for changing his mind. Many people are simply swayed by the distorted claim that the candidate is “waffling” on the issue.

Advertisers often stack the cards in favor of the products they are pushing. They may, for instance, use what are called “weasel words.” These are small words that usually slip right past us, but that make the difference between reality and illusion. The weasel words are underlined in the following claims:
“Helps control dandruff symptoms.”(The audience usually interprets this as stops dandruff.)
“Most dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.” (We hear the “most dentists” and “for their patients,” but we don’t think about how many were surveyed or whether the dentists first recommended that the patients not chew gum at all.)

[Timeless Minds]

Most of the older people I’ve interviewed say that they feel no different from when they were younger. Their core identity had not changed. Some elders say they can think both “old” and “young” and that this allows them to think more creatively and with less concern for conformity. Because there is less of it left, they feel more excited about the life to which they are grateful to awaken everyday. Now that I’m older, I never get up when I wake up. I always take several minutes to lie there and relish the gift of being alive.
There is nothing sick or wrong with a senior consciousness and an old body. No one points to a young child and says, “Poor child. Look how terribly soft and undefined his skin is.” No one says about a successful young executive, “How terrible that such a young woman thinks so quickly and responds so fast.”

Our consciousness develops, but it doesn’t age in the same way as our bodies. Within a narrow range, nature establishes the timetable for the aging of the body. Exercise, diet, and meditate as we will, there is really not much we can do to reset that clock. Deepak Chopra is wrong when he says we have ageless bodies, but he’s right when he says we have timeless minds.

[One cup of elixir won't do]

The speed at which the body heals is determined to a great extent by your diet and lifestyle. The old adage “You are what you eat” is very true. Our cells and tissues are built from the foods we eat. If we eat poor quality foods lacking in essential nutrients, our bodies cannot build healthy bones, muscles, and tissues. It’s just like a contractor building a house: if he uses cheap materials, the house will deteriorate and fall apart quickly. In like manner, if we feed our bodies poor quality foods, our bodies will be weak and susceptible to disease.

One woman commented, “I was disillusioned when I first started taking coconut oil.” She had heard so much good about the oil that she was discouraged when she wasn’t seeing a quick recovery. It was not until she increased the amount of oil she took and cut out sugar and refined flour and all processed foods that she started feeling the benefits of the oil. “I also began losing weight though I was eating more fat.” She adds, “Remember that though coconut oil is a miracle food, it cannot make miracles happen without other changes in the diet.” Coconut products provide an excellent source of nutrition, fiber, and other elements that promote better health and ward off disease, but they can’t make up for a poor diet. If you live on donuts and coffee, you will develop health problems. No amount of coconut added to the diet will compensate for dietary abuse. Coconut can help, even when the diet is poor, but to achieve the best results, to experience the “miracles” that others have, you need to eat properly. Those who complain that coconut doesn’t help them are usually the ones who eat the worst types of foods and expect coconut to act like a wonder drug.

The healthier your diet is, the faster coconut will aid you in overcoming health problems. When it comes to dietary advice, it seems that everyone has his or her own opinion. Even the so-called nutritional experts don’t agree. Some promote vegetarianism or raw foodism while others promote high-protein diets. One expert will say low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets are the way to go while another will claim a moderate or high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet is better. And still others will say we should base our dietary choices on metabolism or blood type. Opinions often run strong as to which is more correct. I’m not going to attempt to recommend any particular diet in this book. What I am going to do is make some general recommendations that would be compatible with almost any of these diets. When you look at all the different diets, you find that people have benefited from most of them. Even those that seem to be complete opposites such as vegetarianism (low meat and fat intake) and low-carbohydrate diets(high meat and fat intake) have proven to be successful. Why is that? One reason I believe is that they try to eliminate poor quality foods and focus on the eating the healthiest ones. Regardless of what type of diet you prefer, if you follow the simple guidelines below you will do okay.

The foods you should avoid :
* Overly processed grains (white flour, white bread, white rice, breakfast cereal, crackers, etc.)
* Sugar and sweets (candy, cookies, desserts, soda, etc.)
* Pasteurized and homogenized milk
* Processed vegetable oils
* Hydrogenated vegetable oils (margarine and shortening)

The foods you should eat more of :
* Fresh fruits and vegetables
Most of us do not eat nearly enough fresh fruits and vegetables. Studies continually show that fruits and particularly vegetables contain nutrients that help protect us from disease and retard aging. The standard recommendation is that we get at least (a bare minimum) of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. Some researchers are now recommending that we get 9 or more servings a day, mostly vegetables. You should not add more food to your diet but replace the breads, grains, and refined and processed foods with the additional servings of vegetables, both raw and cooked. Vegetables should provide the bulk of your diet, complemented by other healthy foods. If you follow this simple piece of dietary advice, you will have a fairly healthy diet.

I like the quote from noted author and nutritionist Dr. Gabriel Cousens: “With the proper diet, no doctor is necessary. With the improper diet, no doctor can help.” If you eat properly when you start using coconut products, you will see rapid improvement. If you don’t see improvement, then you should re-evaluate your diet. The recommendations above are only basic guidelines. There are many other foods in the diet that do not promote good health. These include: coffee, alcohol, food additives (preservatives, flavor enhancers, dyes, etc.), dehydrated/powdered cheese and eggs, and artificial sweeteners.

[Behavior genetics tells]

The mathematical methods of behavior genetic studies are often quite complex. However, the basic ideas are easy to grasp if you consider simple examples. Imagine that a researcher studies 100 identical twins, for example, who were separated at birth and reared in unrelated families. Suppose further that the researcher measures these twins on various traits (aggressiveness, masculinity-femininity, intelligence) and determines how similar twins are in these traits. Because the twins are genetically identical but do not share their environments, you would probably agree that if twins are similar to one another, this similarity must be due to genetic factors.

Consider another equally extreme example: when families adopt babies at birth from genetic strangers. After the adopted children grow up, we can measure them and members of their adoptive families on various traits (aggressiveness, masculinity-femininity, intelligence), and we can see how similar family members are to one another. Because adopted children are genetically unrelated to members of their adoptive families, if they are similar to their family members, these similarities must be due to shared environments, not to shared genes.

[I forgot my password]

Today, everyone has passwords for everything-from e-mail to bank accounts to online subscriptions to payment accounts. And many services advise you to change your password from time to time, so you are better protected.

Some people use the same or a limited number of passwords for everything, and if they change them, they apply these changes to everything with the same password.

But this approach doesn’t always work, since some companies have different formats for passwords and some may assign you a password when you sign up. Then there are the really long numbers for registration codes that are all but impossible to remember.

A good way to deal with all these passwords is to keep a file handy where you put your passwords-and just in case, keep a copy of this file in another safe place. While you may remember some of the commonly used passwords you use everyday, the file is an ideal place to store the passwords you rarely use.or the really long ones that can fry your brain if you struggle to encode them.

[Have you prepared the prop?]

Don’t Leave Home Without It. Your Most Important prop. You’ve heard folks whine, “I can’t go to the party, I haven’t got a thing to wear.” When was the last time you heard, “I can’t go to the party, I haven’t got a thing to say?”

When going to a gathering with great networking possibilities, you naturally plan your outfit and make sure your shoes will match. And, of course, you must have just the right tie or correct color lipstick. You puff your hair, pack your business cards, and you’re off.

Whoa! Wait a minute. Didn’t you forget the most important thing? What about the right conversation to enhance your image? Are you actually going to say anything that comes to mind, or doesn’t, at the moment? You wouldn’t don the first outfit your groping hand hits in the darkened closet, so you shouldn’t leave your conversing to the first thought that comes to mind when facing a group of expectant, smiling faces. You will, of course, follow your instincts in conversation. But at least be prepared in case inspiration doesn’t hit.

[Would you stand at the center?]

Keep your personal views out of the discussion. Neutrality on the part of the teacher is the key to a successful discussion of controversial issues. Experts in education recommend that teachers withhold their personal opinions in classroom discussions. The position of the teacher carries with it an authority that might influence some students to accept the teacher’s opinion without question-thus missing the point of the activity. There also is a danger that the discussion could develop into an indoctrination of a particular value position rather than an exploration of several positions. If your students ask what you think, respond with “My personal opinion is not important here. We want to consider your views.” Make sure you consider alternative points of view, so that your students are able to define the relevant arguments and counter arguments. Allow students to freely express alternative points of view.

[Conflicts can strenthen a relationship]

Conflicts, like positive acts, can strengthen a relationship. Think of daily conflicts as a form of vaccine. When we inoculate against a disease, we are in fact injecting a weakened strain of the disease into the body, which is then stimulated to develop the antibodies that enable it to deal with more major assaults later on.

Likewise, minor conflicts help our relationship develop defense capabilities; they immunize the relationship and subsequently help partners deal with major conflicts when they arise.

There are parallels between a conflict-free relationship and an overprotected baby. A newborn baby who is placed in a sterilized environment for a year will be less resilient and more vulnerable later on in life than one who has been living in the “dirty” real-world environment. Children who grow up on farms and are exposed to more dirt and germs than their more urban counterparts develop stronger immune systems and are less likely to have allergies and asthma later in life. Failures, conflicts, and hardships are important for cultivating resilience, both physically and psychologically. As couples continue to have conflicts-alongside positive interactions-they build up the immune system of their relationship.

[Fun people can give fun awards]

Southwest Airlines is so proud of its star employees that it lets the whole world know. Each year their most recognized employees win the Heroes of the Heart Award. The winners’ names appear on a banner painted across a red heart on the nose of an airplane for one year.

A West Coast restaurant wanted to create a graphic design for an upcoming advertising campaign. Instead of hiring a professional artist, they encouraged their own employees to submit drawings. What made this really fun was that all the entries had to be submitted using the crayons and “butcher paper” that they use as table covers. The entire staff had a wonderful time creating a drawing that best symbolized the atmosphere of the restaurant. The winning entry was not only used for advertising but also proudly framed and displayed in the restaurant for all to see.

Instead of giving plaques or certificates for jobs well done, the fun people at Optimal-Care, Inc., give humorous awards that relate specifically to the achievement being recognized. For example, one employee received a very large spider with “5,000” painted on its back to represent that she recorded the 5,000th “bug” or enhancement suggestion for the particular product.

[See medical history of the injured]

Individuals with traumatic injuries may have respiratory impairment or severe bleeding that must be cared for immediately(Chapter 3: Life-Threatening Problems).

After these emergencies have received attention, however, the care provider must pause and essentially, start from the beginning. An account of the accident and the time and circumstances in which it occurred should be obtained. Frequently the nature of the accident provides clues to injuries that should be anticipated. If the person is unconscious, witnesses must be asked whether unconsciousness caused the accident or resulted from the accident. Witnesses and companions also should be asked whether the individual had any preexisting medical conditions that may have contributed to the accident or that may require treatment.

[Do not find faults only]

As teachers, we’ve been trained to identify problems, diagnose what’s causing the problems, and then find solutions to those problems. That’s a good thing, unless, of course, you focus solely on problems. You then become one of the bitter teachers we discussed in Part 4 (page 102) of this chapter. The fact remains that teachers tend to be better at identifying what’s wrong with students than they are at identifying what’s right.

Do you remember taking courses in college about identifying learning and/or behavior problems, along with learning techniques to address those problems? We all took those courses, and they were necessary and useful. But do you remember taking courses about identifying good behavior and student success and techniques for fostering those behaviors and successes? No, you do not remember taking those courses, because, sadly, those courses are not offered. However, the most effective teachers, despite not having taken such courses, are adept at finding what’s good in every student. They constantly identify and encourage good behavior in students, which, of course, guarantees even more good behavior.